心材提取物和专用木材防腐剂作为木材保护剂的相对功效

本文调查了三种耐用木材(Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.)的心材提取物（在60%的甲醇中风干提取）和两种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）在暴露的土壤区组设计条件下，抑制三种木材腐朽菌(Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.)对见血封喉边材的侵袭的相对潜能，并测定其阈值。提取物和防腐剂的剂量分别是8.009、24.778、48.056、96.111、144.167 kg·m-3 ，样品的暴露处理时间与ASTM D1413-72规定的一致分别是14周和18周。结果显示：在阈值范围内，任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂在研究中对木材腐朽菌的抑制能力在0.01的显著水平下，差异显著。这些生物杀灭剂的相对功效是取决于真菌的种类。没有任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂（除在用最高的存留水平处理被侵袭的非洲毒箭木的条件下）对于被处理的木材能够授予"非常持久"等级。本土树种的心材提取物相对持久力的减少的可能原因是复杂的。在最高的存留量（144.167 kg·m-3）水平下，在0.05显著水平下每种心材提取物和任一种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）之间的功效差异不显著.     

太行山北部中山幼林地土壤水分的研究

以太行山北部山西五台山中山地区幼林地土壤为研究对象，在阳坡、阴坡和半阳坡三种代表性立地上，从土壤水势、水容量等持水特性和土壤水分季节变化角度，并结合树木抗旱性和生长，研究了该地区土壤水分供应状况及其与造林成活和幼林生长的关系。研究表明，土壤有效水范围为－０．３－－２０ｂａｒ，正常生长水在－０．３－－３ｂａｒ，轻胁迫水－３－－１０ｂａｒ，中胁迫水为－１０－－２０ｂａｒ；土壤持水特性和有效水范围以阳坡最小，半阳坡最大；土壤自然含水率和有效水含量随降水而呈明显的季节变化特征，阴坡全年土壤含水率高，有效水充足，造林成活率高，幼林生长快，半阳坡和阳坡土壤含水率低，有效水较少，林木易于受旱，需选择抗旱树种，采取抗旱造林措施；整地可明显改善土壤水分状况，是抗旱造林和促进幼林生长的良好措施。     

不同类型林分土壤微生物生理类群分析

本研究就三种不同处理林分土壤微生物生理类群的初步分析,表明杉木马尾松混交后有利于固氮微生物的生长,固氮微生物数量的增加,促进了混交林分生长;有利于氨化细菌的生长,氨化细菌数量的增加,又利于提高含氮有机物的分解和转化速率,从而提高混交林地土壤肥力;同时促进了纤维素分解菌的生长,利于有机物的转化和加快碳素循环速率,从而为植物生长提供更多的碳素和能源。因此,在混交林中杉木的平均胸径比对照提高24%,平均树高比对照提高21%;马尾松平均胸径比对照提高20%,平均树高比对照提高19%,可见营造杉、马混交林比纯林更具发展潜力,可实现树高、胸径积累的双赢。     

南方岩溶区植被自然演替恢复研究综述

我国岩溶区绝大部分分布在南方。植被的自然演替恢复是岩溶区生态重建的主要方式。随着自然演替的进行,土壤环境特征、土壤养分特征及土壤种子库等产生相应的变化。而岩溶植被的顶极群落特征和群落演替特征,包括盖度、结构、物种多样性、生物量、分布格局、演替方向都有其自身的特殊性。     

红锥天然林土壤理化性质及水源涵养功能的研究

对福建华安红锥天然林土壤理化性质及林下凋落物持水能力的分析表明 :红锥天然林土壤各营养元素含量丰富 ,表土层养分状况优于深土层 ,但土壤偏酸 ,淋溶与富铝化作用强烈。红锥天然林的土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量及林下凋落物的水源涵养功能均比一般杉木人工林优越。     

油茶林土壤微生物生态分布及土壤酶活性的研究

为了了解油茶林土壤肥力状况，我们对株洲地区油茶林地土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性进行了研究。研究结果表明：根际土壤中的细菌数量明显大于非根际土壤，根际土壤酶的活性高于非根际土壤；新造幼林地土壤微生物数量较萌芽更新林地多，土壤酶的活性也以新造幼林地较萌雅量更新林地土壤高；低改林地土壤微生物数量较未低改林地多，土壤酶的活性也以低改林地高。     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

2006年特大干旱条件下森林植被对土壤水分的影响

2006年四川发生了百年一遇的特大干旱。于旱期结束末,调查了蓬安县境内两座丘陵-石马寨(栎柏混交林)和碉堡梁(人工柏木林)上、中、下坡林地和林带中耕地及坡脚农田的土壤含水量;调查了四川盆地丘陵区内5个县9个乡镇17个小流域有无农田防护林条件下,稻田开裂起始时间和裂缝宽;以及按照自然地理条件相近、森林覆盖率有较大差异的原则,调查了宣汉县和达县5对乡镇(森林覆盖率高的乡镇森林覆盖率为28.26%～46.85%,平均为37.24%,相对应的低的乡镇森林覆盖率为12.75%～26.74%,平均为18.64%)内不同台地的土壤含水量。结果表明,混交林林地的保水能力强于纯林林地,林地的保水能力强于耕地,农田防护林对水稻具有庇护作用,森林覆盖率高的地区土壤保水能力强于森林覆盖率低的地区土壤。在干旱期末坡上、中、下部位的0～40 cm土层中,栎柏混交林林地的含水量比柏木纯林林地高出3%～7%,林地的土壤含水量比林带中的耕地高出0.7%～2.1%;栎柏混交林带中的耕地含水量比柏木纯林带中的耕地高出3%～6%,石马寨的坡脚农田含水量比碉堡梁的高出5%;在干旱期末不同台地0～40 cm土层中,与森林覆盖率低的地区相比,森林覆盖率高的地区水稻田含水量高3%～7%,二台土高4%～8%,三台土高2%～8%;有农田防护林的农田土壤开裂时间比无农田防护林的推迟5 d～20 d,裂口宽平均窄0.1 cm～3.1 cm。     

Diversity of Glomale Mycorrhizal Fungi in Maize/Sesbania Intercrops and Maize Monocrop Systems in Southern Malawi

The study investigated diversity and frequency of occurrence of glomale (Arbuscular- or Vesicular Arbuscular-) mycorrhizal fungi on three farming systems in a drought prone and nitrogen deficiency site in southern Malawi. The farming systems comprised of two agroforestry systems of Sesbania sesban (L) Merr intercropped with maize and Sesbania macrantha E Phillips & Hutch. intercropped with maize and a maize monocrop systems without fertilizer, with nitrogen, phosphorus and a combination of nitrogen and phosphorus. Species diversity and species frequency of occurrence were examined in soil samples obtained in the dry and wet seasons. Twelve glomale mycorrhizal species were recorded, four species being in the genus Acaulospora, four in Glomus, two in Gigaspora and two in Scutellospora. Species diversity in the two agroforestry systems were not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different but had lower species diversity than maize monocrop with only Sesbania macrantha intercropped with maize significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower. Species diversity was significantly increased by the inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Inorganic phosphorus fertilizer had no effect. The study shows that the occurrence and persistence of glomale species are influenced by agroforestry combinations, and that the spores of most species are tolerant to dry conditions. Only four species responded to fertilizer application with the occurrence of spores of some species high and some low. Management practices have great implication in the persistence of spore propagules of glomale species. The order Glomale was revised in 2001 and upgraded to a phylum Glomeromycota.     

Characteristic site disturbance due to harvesting and extraction machinery traffic on sensitive forest sites with peat soils

The effects of wood harvesting and extraction machinery traffic on sensitive forest sites with peat soils were characterised with the objective of quantifying the threshold levels beyond which significant site impacts (compaction and rutting) would occur. The treatments involved running the machines in selected extraction racks (i.e., 3 m wide machine routes) while conducting normal wood thinning and extraction operations comprising one and two passes by the harvester and the forwarder with full payload, respectively. Soil disturbance thresholds were established by testing the level of significance of the difference in induced soil damage and compaction before and after machine traffic treatments. For volumetric soil water content lying between 10.0 and 14.9%, threshold cone penetration resistance levels for two 600/55–30.5 tyres were found to range from 594 to 640 kPa for deep-raised peat soil with initial strength lying between 524 and 581 kPa. In general, the proportion of the total rut depth data in each rack that exceeded the threshold level of 21.5 cm was about 5%. The threshold value corresponds to sinkage equivalent to 15% of the overall wheel diameter of the harvester, above which machine mobility would be hampered considerably. In addition, after harvester traffic the mean rut depth per unit rack length was 10.2×10⁻² cm/m, and it ranged from 0.7 to 24.7×10⁻² cm/m.